How Does Stick Welding Work: A Comprehensive Guide

by

Stick welding, also known as Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), is a popular and versatile welding process used for joining a wide range of metals. The process involves using a consumable electrode coated in flux to form the weld. The electrode is connected to a power source, and an electric current is passed through it, causing it to melt and create a weld pool. The flux coating vaporizes and creates a protective gas shield around the weld, preventing atmospheric contamination and helping to create a stronger, more durable weld.

Setting Up the Welding Machine

  1. Power Source Selection: Choose a welding machine with the appropriate power output for the thickness and type of metal being welded. The machine should be capable of providing the necessary amperage and voltage to melt the electrode and create a stable arc.

  2. Polarity Selection: Determine the correct polarity setting for the electrode and workpiece. Generally, a direct current electrode positive (DCEP) or reverse polarity is used for most stick welding applications, as it provides a more stable and penetrating arc.

  3. Amperage Adjustment: Set the welding machine to the appropriate amperage range based on the electrode diameter and the thickness of the workpiece. Thicker materials require higher amperage, while thinner materials require lower amperage.

  4. Voltage Adjustment: Adjust the welding machine’s voltage to the recommended setting for the specific electrode being used. The voltage setting affects the arc length and the width of the weld bead.

  5. Grounding the Workpiece: Ensure that the workpiece is properly grounded to the welding machine to complete the electrical circuit and allow the current to flow through the weld.

Selecting the Electrode

how does stick welding workImage source: Manual Metal Arc welding

  1. Electrode Composition: Choose an electrode that is compatible with the base metal being welded. Common electrode types include mild steel, stainless steel, and low-alloy steel electrodes.

  2. Electrode Diameter: Select an electrode diameter that is appropriate for the thickness of the workpiece. Thicker materials require larger-diameter electrodes, while thinner materials require smaller-diameter electrodes.

  3. Electrode Coating: The electrode’s flux coating plays a crucial role in the welding process. The flux coating helps to stabilize the arc, shield the weld pool from atmospheric contamination, and provide additional alloying elements to the weld.

  4. Electrode Condition: Ensure that the electrode is clean and free of any contaminants, such as oil, grease, or rust, which can negatively affect the weld quality.

Striking the Arc

  1. Arc Initiation: Touch the electrode to the workpiece to establish an electrical connection, then quickly pull the electrode away to strike the arc. Maintain a consistent arc length throughout the welding process.

  2. Arc Stability: Observe the arc to ensure it is stable and not flickering or sputtering. Adjust the welding machine settings or the electrode angle if necessary to maintain a stable arc.

  3. Arc Length Control: Keep the arc length consistent by maintaining a distance of approximately the diameter of the electrode between the electrode and the workpiece.

Moving the Electrode

  1. Welding Technique: Hold the electrode at a slight angle (typically 10-30 degrees) to the workpiece and move it in a steady, consistent motion along the joint. This helps to create a uniform weld bead.

  2. Travel Speed: Maintain a consistent travel speed to ensure even penetration and a consistent weld profile. Adjust the travel speed based on the thickness of the workpiece and the desired weld characteristics.

  3. Weld Pool Observation: Observe the weld pool and adjust the electrode position and travel speed as needed to maintain a stable, consistent weld pool.

Chipping and Cleaning

  1. Slag Removal: After the weld is complete, use a chipping hammer or wire brush to remove the slag, which is the solidified flux coating that protects the weld during the process.

  2. Weld Cleaning: Clean the weld area to remove any remaining slag, spatter, or oxidation. This can be done using a wire brush, grinder, or other suitable tools.

  3. Inspection: Visually inspect the weld for any defects, such as porosity, cracks, or incomplete fusion, and make any necessary repairs or adjustments.

By following these detailed steps and understanding the technical aspects of stick welding, you can become proficient in this versatile and widely-used welding process. Remember to always prioritize safety, use the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), and follow all relevant safety guidelines and regulations.

References:
– Stick Welding: A Complete Guide
– How Welding Works
– ELI5: How Does Welding Work?